Neo4j 向量索引

Neo4j 是一个支持向量相似性搜索的开源图数据库

它支持：<br/>

近似最近邻搜索
欧几里得相似性和余弦相似性
混合搜索结合了向量和关键词搜索

本笔记本展示了如何使用Neo4j向量索引（Neo4jVector）。

# Pip install necessary package
%pip install --upgrade --quiet  neo4j
%pip install --upgrade --quiet  langchain-openai langchain-neo4j
%pip install --upgrade --quiet  tiktoken

我们想要使用OpenAIEmbeddings，所以我们必须获取OpenAI API密钥。

import getpass
import os

if "OPENAI_API_KEY" not in os.environ:
    os.environ["OPENAI_API_KEY"] = getpass.getpass("OpenAI API Key:")

OpenAI API Key: ········

from langchain_community.document_loaders import TextLoader
from langchain_core.documents import Document
from langchain_neo4j import Neo4jVector
from langchain_openai import OpenAIEmbeddings
from langchain_text_splitters import CharacterTextSplitter

API 参考:文本加载器 |文档 |Neo4jVector |OpenAI嵌入 |CharacterTextSplitter

loader = TextLoader("../../how_to/state_of_the_union.txt")

documents = loader.load()
text_splitter = CharacterTextSplitter(chunk_size=1000, chunk_overlap=0)
docs = text_splitter.split_documents(documents)

embeddings = OpenAIEmbeddings()

# Neo4jVector requires the Neo4j database credentials

url = "bolt://localhost:7687"
username = "neo4j"
password = "password"

# You can also use environment variables instead of directly passing named parameters
# os.environ["NEO4J_URI"] = "bolt://localhost:7687"
# os.environ["NEO4J_USERNAME"] = "neo4j"
# os.environ["NEO4J_PASSWORD"] = "pleaseletmein"

余弦距离相似性搜索（默认）

# The Neo4jVector Module will connect to Neo4j and create a vector index if needed.

db = Neo4jVector.from_documents(
    docs, OpenAIEmbeddings(), url=url, username=username, password=password
)

query = "What did the president say about Ketanji Brown Jackson"
docs_with_score = db.similarity_search_with_score(query, k=2)

for doc, score in docs_with_score:
    print("-" * 80)
    print("Score: ", score)
    print(doc.page_content)
    print("-" * 80)

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Score:  0.9076391458511353
Tonight. I call on the Senate to: Pass the Freedom to Vote Act. Pass the John Lewis Voting Rights Act. And while you’re at it, pass the Disclose Act so Americans can know who is funding our elections. 

Tonight, I’d like to honor someone who has dedicated his life to serve this country: Justice Stephen Breyer—an Army veteran, Constitutional scholar, and retiring Justice of the United States Supreme Court. Justice Breyer, thank you for your service. 

One of the most serious constitutional responsibilities a President has is nominating someone to serve on the United States Supreme Court. 

And I did that 4 days ago, when I nominated Circuit Court of Appeals Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson. One of our nation’s top legal minds, who will continue Justice Breyer’s legacy of excellence.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Score:  0.8912242650985718
A former top litigator in private practice. A former federal public defender. And from a family of public school educators and police officers. A consensus builder. Since she’s been nominated, she’s received a broad range of support—from the Fraternal Order of Police to former judges appointed by Democrats and Republicans. 

And if we are to advance liberty and justice, we need to secure the Border and fix the immigration system. 

We can do both. At our border, we’ve installed new technology like cutting-edge scanners to better detect drug smuggling.  

We’ve set up joint patrols with Mexico and Guatemala to catch more human traffickers.  

We’re putting in place dedicated immigration judges so families fleeing persecution and violence can have their cases heard faster. 

We’re securing commitments and supporting partners in South and Central America to host more refugees and secure their own borders.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

使用向量数据库

上述内容中，我们从零开始创建了一个向量存储。然而，很多时候我们希望使用一个已有的向量存储。为了实现这一点，我们可以直接初始化它。

index_name = "vector"  # default index name

store = Neo4jVector.from_existing_index(
    OpenAIEmbeddings(),
    url=url,
    username=username,
    password=password,
    index_name=index_name,
)

我们还可以使用 from_existing_graph 方法从现有的图谱初始化向量数据库。该方法从数据库中提取相关的文本信息，并计算文本的嵌入向量，然后将其存回数据库。

# First we create sample data in graph
store.query(
    "CREATE (p:Person {name: 'Tomaz', location:'Slovenia', hobby:'Bicycle', age: 33})"
)

[]

# Now we initialize from existing graph
existing_graph = Neo4jVector.from_existing_graph(
    embedding=OpenAIEmbeddings(),
    url=url,
    username=username,
    password=password,
    index_name="person_index",
    node_label="Person",
    text_node_properties=["name", "location"],
    embedding_node_property="embedding",
)
result = existing_graph.similarity_search("Slovenia", k=1)

result[0]

Document(page_content='\nname: Tomaz\nlocation: Slovenia', metadata={'age': 33, 'hobby': 'Bicycle'})

Neo4j 还支持关系向量索引，其中嵌入向量作为关系属性进行存储并被索引。关系向量索引无法通过 LangChain 进行填充，但你可以将其连接到现有的关系向量索引。

# First we create sample data and index in graph
store.query(
    "MERGE (p:Person {name: 'Tomaz'}) "
    "MERGE (p1:Person {name:'Leann'}) "
    "MERGE (p1)-[:FRIEND {text:'example text', embedding:$embedding}]->(p2)",
    params={"embedding": OpenAIEmbeddings().embed_query("example text")},
)
# Create a vector index
relationship_index = "relationship_vector"
store.query(
    """
CREATE VECTOR INDEX $relationship_index
IF NOT EXISTS
FOR ()-[r:FRIEND]-() ON (r.embedding)
OPTIONS {indexConfig: {
 `vector.dimensions`: 1536,
 `vector.similarity_function`: 'cosine'
}}
""",
    params={"relationship_index": relationship_index},
)

[]

relationship_vector = Neo4jVector.from_existing_relationship_index(
    OpenAIEmbeddings(),
    url=url,
    username=username,
    password=password,
    index_name=relationship_index,
    text_node_property="text",
)
relationship_vector.similarity_search("Example")

[Document(page_content='example text')]

元数据过滤

Neo4j 向量存储还支持通过结合并行运行时和精确最近邻搜索来实现元数据过滤。 需要 Neo4j 5.18 或更高版本。

相等性过滤具有以下语法。

existing_graph.similarity_search(
    "Slovenia",
    filter={"hobby": "Bicycle", "name": "Tomaz"},
)

[Document(page_content='\nname: Tomaz\nlocation: Slovenia', metadata={'age': 33, 'hobby': 'Bicycle'})]

元数据过滤还支持以下操作符：

$eq: Equal
$ne: Not Equal
$lt: Less than
$lte: Less than or equal
$gt: Greater than
$gte: Greater than or equal
$in: In a list of values
$nin: Not in a list of values
$between: Between two values
$like: Text contains value
$ilike: lowered text contains value

existing_graph.similarity_search(
    "Slovenia",
    filter={"hobby": {"$eq": "Bicycle"}, "age": {"$gt": 15}},
)

[Document(page_content='\nname: Tomaz\nlocation: Slovenia', metadata={'age': 33, 'hobby': 'Bicycle'})]

您也可以在过滤器之间使用 OR 操作符

existing_graph.similarity_search(
    "Slovenia",
    filter={"$or": [{"hobby": {"$eq": "Bicycle"}}, {"age": {"$gt": 15}}]},
)

[Document(page_content='\nname: Tomaz\nlocation: Slovenia', metadata={'age': 33, 'hobby': 'Bicycle'})]

添加文档

我们可以将文档添加到现有的向量数据库中。

store.add_documents([Document(page_content="foo")])

['acbd18db4cc2f85cedef654fccc4a4d8']

docs_with_score = store.similarity_search_with_score("foo")

docs_with_score[0]

(Document(page_content='foo'), 0.9999997615814209)

根据检索查询自定义响应

您还可以通过使用自定义的Cypher代码片段来自定义响应，从而从图中获取其他信息。在底层，最终的Cypher语句是这样构建的：

read_query = (
  "CALL db.index.vector.queryNodes($index, $k, $embedding) "
  "YIELD node, score "
) + retrieval_query

检索查询必须返回以下三列：

text: 用于填充文档的 page_content 的值，类型为 Union[str, Dict]
score: 浮点数 = 相似度得分
metadata: Dict = 文档的附加元数据

了解更多内容，请查看这篇博客文章。

retrieval_query = """
RETURN "Name:" + node.name AS text, score, {foo:"bar"} AS metadata
"""
retrieval_example = Neo4jVector.from_existing_index(
    OpenAIEmbeddings(),
    url=url,
    username=username,
    password=password,
    index_name="person_index",
    retrieval_query=retrieval_query,
)
retrieval_example.similarity_search("Foo", k=1)

[Document(page_content='Name:Tomaz', metadata={'foo': 'bar'})]

这里是一个将所有节点属性（除了 embedding）作为字典传递给 text 列的示例，

retrieval_query = """
RETURN node {.name, .age, .hobby} AS text, score, {foo:"bar"} AS metadata
"""
retrieval_example = Neo4jVector.from_existing_index(
    OpenAIEmbeddings(),
    url=url,
    username=username,
    password=password,
    index_name="person_index",
    retrieval_query=retrieval_query,
)
retrieval_example.similarity_search("Foo", k=1)

[Document(page_content='name: Tomaz\nage: 33\nhobby: Bicycle\n', metadata={'foo': 'bar'})]

您还可以将Cypher参数传递给检索查询。参数可用于额外的过滤、遍历等...

retrieval_query = """
RETURN node {.*, embedding:Null, extra: $extra} AS text, score, {foo:"bar"} AS metadata
"""
retrieval_example = Neo4jVector.from_existing_index(
    OpenAIEmbeddings(),
    url=url,
    username=username,
    password=password,
    index_name="person_index",
    retrieval_query=retrieval_query,
)
retrieval_example.similarity_search("Foo", k=1, params={"extra": "ParamInfo"})

[Document(page_content='location: Slovenia\nextra: ParamInfo\nname: Tomaz\nage: 33\nhobby: Bicycle\nembedding: None\n', metadata={'foo': 'bar'})]

混合搜索（向量 + 关键词）

Neo4j 集成了向量索引和关键词索引，使您能够使用混合搜索方法

# The Neo4jVector Module will connect to Neo4j and create a vector and keyword indices if needed.
hybrid_db = Neo4jVector.from_documents(
    docs,
    OpenAIEmbeddings(),
    url=url,
    username=username,
    password=password,
    search_type="hybrid",
)

要从现有索引中加载混合搜索，您必须同时提供向量索引和关键词索引

index_name = "vector"  # default index name
keyword_index_name = "keyword"  # default keyword index name

store = Neo4jVector.from_existing_index(
    OpenAIEmbeddings(),
    url=url,
    username=username,
    password=password,
    index_name=index_name,
    keyword_index_name=keyword_index_name,
    search_type="hybrid",
)

检索器选项

本节展示如何将 Neo4jVector 用作检索器。

retriever = store.as_retriever()
retriever.invoke(query)[0]

Document(page_content='Tonight. I call on the Senate to: Pass the Freedom to Vote Act. Pass the John Lewis Voting Rights Act. And while you’re at it, pass the Disclose Act so Americans can know who is funding our elections. \n\nTonight, I’d like to honor someone who has dedicated his life to serve this country: Justice Stephen Breyer—an Army veteran, Constitutional scholar, and retiring Justice of the United States Supreme Court. Justice Breyer, thank you for your service. \n\nOne of the most serious constitutional responsibilities a President has is nominating someone to serve on the United States Supreme Court. \n\nAnd I did that 4 days ago, when I nominated Circuit Court of Appeals Judge Ketanji Brown Jackson. One of our nation’s top legal minds, who will continue Justice Breyer’s legacy of excellence.', metadata={'source': '../../how_to/state_of_the_union.txt'})

问答与来源

本部分介绍如何在索引上进行带来源的问答。它通过使用 RetrievalQAWithSourcesChain 来实现，该组件用于从索引中查找文档。

from langchain.chains import RetrievalQAWithSourcesChain
from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI

API 参考:检索源文档与问答链 |ChatOpenAI

chain = RetrievalQAWithSourcesChain.from_chain_type(
    ChatOpenAI(temperature=0), chain_type="stuff", retriever=retriever
)

chain.invoke(
    {"question": "What did the president say about Justice Breyer"},
    return_only_outputs=True,
)

{'answer': 'The president honored Justice Stephen Breyer for his service to the country and mentioned his retirement from the United States Supreme Court.\n',
 'sources': '../../how_to/state_of_the_union.txt'}

向量存储概念指南
向量存储使用指南

余弦距离相似性搜索（默认）​

使用向量数据库​

元数据过滤​

添加文档​

根据检索查询自定义响应​

混合搜索（向量 + 关键词）​

检索器选项​

问答与来源​

相关​